An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

An tester CallsAn Inspector Calls by J.B Priestley is a form about an testerquestioning a family about the suicide of Eva Smith. At the beginningof the behave the logrolling are celebrating the engagement of Sheila andGerald. They are interrupted by Inspector Goole who informs them thatan Eva Smith has committed suicide. The Birling family all deny aninvolvement but Inspector Goole manages to piece together the factsthat in some way they were all involved in her death. When InspectorGoole leaves they all question whether he was a real inspector or not.Gerald, who had left the house, comes back with the information thathe wasnt a real inspector after all. Then at the very end of the playthe Birling family receive a telephone call that an Eva Smith has justcommitted suicide and an inspector will be coming to question them.John Boynton Priestley was on of the most popular, versatile andimportant authors of his day. Although he never wrote a bona fidemasterpiece his work was still hi ghly valued. he wrote sixteen novelsbut it was as a playwright and political/social thinker that Priestleywas especially important. Politically Priestley was a patrioticsocialist and he was passionately disposed of the need for social diverseness to benefit the poor. During World War II his weekly broadcastsexpressed his faith in ordinary people and he felt that An InspectorCalls helped labour develop the election after the war (1945). As asocialist Priestley believed that we are all responsible for eachother.I think that Priestley has written this play to convince people thathis views as a socialist are correct. The fact he wrote the play in1945 yet set the play in 1912 was so he could make the ideas of Mr.Birling seem ridiculous with the use of hindsight. Mr. Birling talksabout how there wont be a war, no problems with worker relations andhow hearty the Titanic is. All of Birlings ideas are shot downbecause there was a war with Germany, there was a general strike andthe Titanic sank on its foremost voyage. In turn this makes theInspectors and Priestleys ideas of socialism seem correct.Priestley also wrote this play to make people realise that they areresponsible for their own actions. Some of the characters in the playdo not accept the fact that they were partly responsible for the deathof Eva Smith. Eric and Sheila knew they had done wrong and regrettedtheir part in her death. Sheila says,And I know Im to blame-and Im desperately sorry.This indicates that Sheila wants to variety show her ways.

Advanced Technology and the Society :: essays research papers

Advanced Technology and the Society Have advances in technology helped to create a lazy, detached conjunction? The truth is it has. It becomes much and to a greater extent advanced that the inventors do not even know what to do. They run out of ideas but they make a new one and then ten more come out of just that one idea. Advances in technology have helped to create a lazy, detached society because, people verbalize why do this if we have it all in our hands, everything is already there. People think it is cool to have all the gadgets that atomic number 18 new and advanced and easier to do things with, but it is actually making the society more lazy. For example, the society now has e-mail and instant messengers to commun- icate with, they do not want to write letters anymore, that shows that the society has become lazier. Since the society has this to help them communicate they send an e-card through e- mail rather than making a letter of their own. Also instead of driving down to a lesser family get together, the instant messenger gets in the way because it seems easier to communi- cate with. Another example, is that now a days the society has telephones, cellphones and even camera phones to help everyone communicate.When someone invites some other person to a birthday party the person that gets invited makes up an excuse saying they can not go so they just call and say Happy Birthday. Also when someone wants to meet someone else they just text messages or call each other instead of going for a walk. These are some examples that really reveal how lazy and detached the society has became as technology advances.

A Good Death :: essays research papers

A Good DeathDeath is final. Some die naturally in a peaceful manner enchantment others suffer through tremendous incommode in order to deposit there. Euthanasia is the only way for some people to leave all their pain behind. Euthanasia is the act of killing another person in a merciful way. Of course, euthanasia has many more meaning to it than that. A person that is woefulness from a terminal illness decides that life is not worth living because there is as well much pain involved and ends his own life, would that be falsely of him? That is the question that is at hand. Many supporters of the right to die break awayment can justify euthanasia. First, because terminal illness is causing pain that is unbearable for that individual. That is the main power why people seek self-induced death. Second, the thought of a restricted life and depending on others, even for the simplest task, does not appeal to them. Aristotle wrote, happiness is the exercise of vital powers along lines of excellence in a life affording them scope. These people will never find happiness because they cannot live their lives out to the fullest extent that was given to them.Nancy was only quaternity years old when her grandmother died. Her grandmother had a big lump on the lower right hand side of her back. The doctors removed it, but it was too late. The tumor had already spread throughout her body. Instead of having a lump on her back, she had a long stitched up incision there. She couldnt move around Nancys parents had to help her go to the bathroom and do all the simple things that she use to do all by herself. Nancy would ask her grandmother to get up to take her younger sister, Linh, and herself outside so they could play. She never got up. A couple of months later, an ambulance came by their house and took their grandmother away. That was the last time Nancy ever apothegm her alive. She was in the hospital for about a week and a half. Nancys parents never took them to see her . One day, Nancy saw her parents predicting and she have never seen them cry before. They dropped Linh and her off at one of their friends house. Nancy got mad because she thought they were going shopping and didnt take her with them.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

To the County High School Class of 2012 As you sit in front man of me, I know what most of you are thinking at the moment. There are those who are already pondering about what life without high shallow will be like those who are debating whether or not to tell your crush tonight about your whispers of adoration youve secretly held for four years nigh simply want to get out of that ungodly chair, get that thing that isnt really a diploma but only tells you when to pick up the thing, and then be the first one on the green bus to the grad party you know who you are. And the rest, well, the rest arent even paying attention, youre thinking, Great, here comes one of the valedictorian speakers. Next up a boring speech straight out of the pits of scholarly hell. And its OK, I dont mind that sort of thing comes with the territory. But tonight, I deal that you give me a chance to break that stereotype so that I may consider you in the full splendor that you deserve after 13 grueling yea rs of work. I do not want to be known as your valedictorian as I stand here, cmon guys, there is no time left to place labels on people anymore, instead I ask that you accept me as one of your peers and as a man who will enchant becoming a graduate alongside you. Over the last common chord days Ive been through two drafts of this speech, one dealing with the future and the other dealing with the past. I had the usual we are entering a late chapter in our lives spiel, and then, because everyone pressured me to make it funny, I followed this with some witticisms on flatulence and going to jail and then going to jail for flatulence and then flatulence indoors a jail with a guy named Red. Needless to say, I ditched those speeches. Twenty-four ho... ...e that comes from the reflective mood of the evening. Enjoy the silence while you can for it is anticlimax you werent expecting after you finished LHS. Capture the silence as an aspect of taste. Remember it. Finally, take a deep brea th, and smile at that wonderful smell the feeling of relief. After years of following the path of public schooling, I invite you to welcome the liberation that comes from graduation. This sugary aroma only comes once in a lifetime. Capture it with your sense of smell. Remember it in the years to come. As our time together draws to a close, I leave LHS with no further anecdotes of wisdom or quotes dealing with success only the sincere hope that you immersed yourself in the essence of commencement. Everybody, well all be graduates by the time we leave tonight. Lets enjoy it. Congratulations to the Lee High School Class of 2006.

Procedural Democracy :: essays research papers

For a country to be truly democratic, it must recitation procedural democracy and substantive democracy. A solid foundation and variety of different procedures is what makes a democracy work as it does for us today. There result always be problems with any system and there will always be some(a)one complaining about how the government works. Without a doubt, we will never have a perfect government and we will probably never find one person without some sort of disagreement with the way things atomic number 18 toy. But, a democracy is run off of compromises, and it will only work if the people are pleased with the progress that it has made. Democracy is supposed to be run by the people, but which people actually count. Many democracies dont even allow the majority of their people vote. All democratic governments have some sort of regulations on who is allowed to vote. Even the United States of America, which we perceive to be one of the most democratic countries in the world, has regulations. If you are too young, have ever been convicted of a felony, not a certified U.S. citizen, or are not mentally competent, you are not allowed to vote. This list has shrunk since the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendment though. Women, blacks, and even the poor have been discriminated upon to postponement the people we want in the office. Slaves were even counted as only three-fifths of a vote at one time. It has been a hard fought battle by umteen people to get whom they think are the right people voting.What may be the most famous line of the Declaration of Independence states We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. This line sets the distinction for the rest of American life. It lets us cheat that there should be political equality and every live is as important as the next. It lets us k now that one mans opinion is just as important as the other mans opinion. The majority will rule when it comes down to it, but minorities cannot be completely tossed away.

A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L’Engle Essay -- essays research paper

A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine LEngle Madeleine LEngle uses a creative mixture of three different story-book motifs for building the story line in her book A Wrinkle in Time. From beginning to demolition Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin go through adventure after adventure bursting with animated fairy-tale characteristics, a model preteen coming-of-age theme, and a subtle Christian suggestion. The three are intertwined naturally, and hold up well within the science-fiction twist of this very believable fantasy tale. The main character Meg Murry is the perfect innocent child turned heroine. As in the typical coming-of-age theme, the beginning of the story presents 13 class old Meg as young, and terribly dependent on others. Constantly wallowing in self-pity, Meg enters the branch chapter emotionally immature with a dismal self-centered why-must-everything-happen-to-me attitude P.7. Although her five year old younger brother Charles Wallace is rumored to be not quite adroit P.9, he is actually extremely advanced for his age and Megs main caretaker. How did Charles Wallace always know about her? How could he alwaysprobe (and understand) with frighten accuracy P.8? The two are remarkably close, and whenever life becomes too much for Meg, Charles Wallace reaches out to comfort her. All threeMeg, Charles Wallace, and their new found friend, 14 year old Calvin Okeefefit the average misunderstood characteristics found in many fairy-tale and preteen stories. While both Calvin and Charles Wallace are misunderstood by most, Charles Wallace at least has the support of a loving home, with dysfunctional preoccupied parents, Calvin, on the contrary, has no unitary to understand and appreciate him. The funny part of it he says, (is that) I chicane them all and they dont give a hoot about meI care, (but) nobody else does P.40. All three children, each with his own particular(a) individual qualities, strive to get along in their every daylight world. The boys dont seem to care much what others think, only Meg, with her many temperamental imperfections, flounders from day to day. Mixed in with this is a hint of an orphaned-child theme. Although none of the children are actual orphans, the thought is implied first through Mr. Murrys absents, and Megs constant hankering of if only father (were here) P.4 and then with Calvins horribly neglectful familyhe is, in essen... ...er to her caretaker, while she challenges It in an attempt to save her brother. In the grand finale, love concurs the incredibly evil force. Lovethe one thing Meg possesses that It doesntI love you Charles Wallace she cries, My baby brother who always takes care of me. Come acantha to mecome away from It, come back, come home. I love you P.208 The message is written all through the text. God is stronger than Satan. God is love, and love is stronger than It.Once once more winning is everything and the story finds a way of making everything work outclass lecture. Charles Wallace i s free, the Murry children have their father back, and Mrs. Murry has her husband back. Calvin has new friends and family with the Murrys. Meg, who has undergone her right of passage, finds friendship and self-confidence, is sure to beget to daily life with a different more assertive and positive attitude. After the dark spiritual fight against It, Meg returns with a spiritual healing, and the absence seizure of anger and resentment. Like The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe the group returns at the exact moment they had departed on the quest, ready to take up where they left offone big happy family.

Digital and Film Photography at a Glance in the 21st Century Essay

There is a growing debate in the world of photography today. We no longer live in the eld of blue(a) rooms, messy chemicals, and rolls of frivol away. Technology has expanded our horizons of what we view as photography today. The growing debate is focused between two separate groups the traditionalists, and those that subscribe to progression. Digital picture taking versus movie house is at its peak of controversy. There are those that want to continue the time honored tradition and artistic integrity of image photography, and yet a growing group of artists that embrace the future and technology with digital photography.I, personally, can relate to both sides of the argument, and mean to set up a unbiased view of each. By establishing both the positive and negative attributes of film and digital photography, the ultimate decision is up to the reader to choose where their alliance lays. The tried and true method of film photography still carries many benefits. The overall photo quality is still best when using film. This is especially true when it comes to larger sized, up to and including wall-sized prints. This all breaks work through to the photos resolution. Resolution can be altered with film in the development process.A standard resolution for 35mm films is 24 megapixels. A megapixel refers to unrivalled million pixels, but this can be altered and scanned to higher resolutions with high-grained film. Film television television cameras are also beneficial to the wallet. A high definition film camera is still much cheaper than its digital analog. Film cameras are also less likely to depreciate, because of market standards and the lack of new film technology, film cameras seem to keep, or grow in value. A camera that utilizes film also expands the photographers repertoire of tools such as lenses, filters, time lapses, and overexposure. (Unknown) Digital photography is not without its own advantages. When using a digital camera the great advantage i s that you have an LCD screen, and can assess framing and focus. Digital cameras additionally provide a histogram display that guarantee you a much higher percentage of well exposed. This is a great help when shooting. No longer are the days when you have to develop your take cares out front reviewing them. You are able, through the use of a digital camera, to see the final image immediately after it is shot. These images are and so stored on an electronic storage device mmediately that actually require much less care than negative film.The ability to have a finished image in such short time cuts down on the cost and time of developing each individual image. (Maercado) Though the cost of a film camera is cheaper in comparison to its digital neighbor, the cost is vastly outweighed by the necessary funds needed to develop film. Access to a darkroom, and chemicals necessary in development of film, make this a hefty downside to its use. This is especially true when dealing with the fact that every image must be developed first before its final product is seen. This can penetrate quite deeply monetarily.A darkroom, and the constant replenishment of chemicals, can cost upwards of hundreds of dollars. This does not include scratch line costs of building the darkroom. Film negatives can also degrade over time if they are not properly stored, making long-term access to film images erratic. (10Ap) Digital photography is not without its own drawbacks. Given the ever expanding and continuous progression of the digital market, a camera can become obsolete intimately immediately after purchase. This is not even mentioning that the cost of a digital camera with the same quality found in a film camera can cost almost double.This initial cost may also include the necessary parcel needed to editing and development of images. Most of the software needed is complicated and can be only purchased at a hefty sum. Staying ahead of market trends, and technology as a whole, d epends upon an ever change magnitude need to be technologically savvy. Though you not only have to be noesisable in photography, you must also have an increased knowledge of computers, and technological advancement. The software, as with the cameras themselves, advances at rapid speed. This means that one must be constantly learning, and re-evaluating their education. (King and Timacheff) The pros and cons of the two contrastive aspects of photography seem to be pretty evenly weighed. The ultimate decision between the two mediums is really left up to the artists themselves. It seems to be a head of taste over substance. Each have costs attributing to negative outcomes, but have positive results both way. Resolution, image quality, and upkeep can be circumvented with either digital or film. What sets a photographer apart from their peers is the artistic eye, and the ability to find and capture beauty with whatever is at hand.Referenceshttp//www.dlcphotography.net/Digital vs Film .htmhttp//www.wisegeek.com/what-are-some-benefits-of-using-film-cameras.htmhttp//www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-advantages-to-film-cameras-over-digital-camera.html

Iron Jawed Angels Toulmin

Of the many distinct qualities a person may hold, Leadership has become one of the greatest. A leader is soul recognized be set about of their undying courage, strength, and passion as well as many other nonable qualities. Grounds A leader is someone who stands out from the crowd and takes charge to accomplish a task or goal. For utilization, in the movie, Iron Jawed Angels, Alice Paul showed great leadership in her fight for womans suffrage. She not only went against the odds but she also took command by starting the WON, separating herself from NASA.Alice Paul showed strength and courage as she picketed in front of the White mansion house as well as starving herself in prison, starting a hunger strike. Another prime example of leadership is Lucy Burns, who was a visionary that took consummation in fighting for womans rights alongside Alice. After being thrown into a womans prison, Burns demands the warden respect their rights, only to be cuffed with her arms above her cell doo r. Alice and Lucy served as examples for the others through their passion and conviction.The rebellious spirit of the two younger activists is in stark contrast to the ore conservative older women. They had no vote, no political clout, no equal rights. But what they lacked under the law they made up for with brains, determination and courage. Warrants After series of events that pushed the woman suffragists down, they came back harder and stronger with much force and even more determination. Their roles as leaders grew the more they struggled. The womans goal to earn their right to vote was a battle that chall(a)enged not only their inner capabilities but also the succeeder of the WON.They were brave in spite of danger, they showed wisdom in their political debates, and they gave hope to all women who were treated unequal. Their reputation followed them as their responsibility as leaders and example to others grew. Backing During the time of war, the women saw it as an opportunity to keep fighting for their rights. They would not let their fight for suffrage fade as did during the Civil War. The women fought Woodrow Wilson to conduct the suffrage movement as well as fought Congress using the media to gain support.From hanging banners during ingressions meetings to marching the streets in Washington, Alice and Lucy held their heads high in spite of their oppressors. Their tempt grew as their fight for their rights became a national conflict sweeping across America. Emily Leighton became another powerful leader who was heavily influenced by the woman suffragists. From helping stock the WON to walking out on her Democratic husband, Emily became a major figure in the suffragists movement as well as an inspiration to all ladies. Suffragists movement. Carrie Chapman Cast of the NASA was only a leader by title, to by her actions.She took a more passive approach to fighting for womans rights that preferred a state-by-state approach quite a than passing a constit utional amendment. Her differences with the younger activists caused conflict with the NP by closing the D. C. Committee along with accusation of using party expenditures. Cast demoralized the younger activists ways of gaining political attention along with their separation of NASA into a new womans suffragists party. Her role as a leader was only a reflection of her power in NASA unlike the young activists who fought with earth.Qualifier Throughout history, leaders emerge when a battle is at hand. No one can proclaim himself or herself a leader. They are born into this world, with a purpose, and a cause. They show great qualities which gives others strength. They influence those around them and give hope when there is none to be found. A leader will march first into battle but will be the last one to leave. Their inspiration and courage motivates others to fight the common cause and to never give up. Alice Paul is one of the many great leaders that will be recognized in history fo rever.

Mice and men tension Essay

How Does Steinbeck develop tensity in Chapter Three in Of Mice and custody Steinbeck creates tension by reservation the air travel before Curleys wiener gets quill very awkward. He does this by writing about how subtle rings draw off every whizs attention in the elbow mode to it He rippled the go on of the be nervously, and the little snapping noise displace the eyes of all work force in the path, so that he halt doing it. This inverted comma gives a sense of tension, since circumstantial things akin rippling separate drop drew every geniuss attention. This makes it see wish well a very quiet down aura. venial-arm everyones attention is pull to the small sounds, glass over good stares at the ceiling and eventually rolls over. This makes the commentator determine that all glaze over support envisage about is his chase creation flavor, and this to a fault brings a filter feel. emphasis is also created by Steinbeck utilise the vocalize silence to describe the zephyr of the room leading up to the dog macrocosm shot. The characters do not regard the silence present, meaning the shot lead be heard by glaze. This ordain increase the awkward atmosphere in the room because no one is quite sure as to how Candy asshole be comforted. lissom tries to check into the silence in the room by telling Candy that he can build one of his puppies. deoxidize tells Candy that he can have any of them pups he wants. However, Candy refuses to mark his offer, strengthening the already tense atmosphere in the bunkhouse. How Does Steinbeck Create Tension in Chapter Three in Of Mice and Men Steinbeck creates tension by making the atmosphere before Curleys dog gets shot very awkward. He does this by writing about how small noises draw everyones attention in the room to it He rippled the edge of the deck nervously, and the little snapping noise drew the eyes of all men in the room, so that he stopped doing it.This quote gives a sense of ten sion, since tiny things like rippling cards can drew everyones attention. This makes it seem like a very quiet atmosphere. While everyones attention is drawn to the small sounds, Candy just stares at the ceiling and eventually rolls over. This makes the reader feel that all Candy can think about is his dog being shot, and this also brings a tense feel. Tension is also created by Steinbeck using the word silence to describe the atmosphere of the room leading up to the dog being shot. The characters do not want the silence present, meaning the shot will be heard by Candy. This will increase the awkward atmosphere in the room because no one is quite sure as to how Candy can be comforted. Slim tries to break the silence in the room by telling Candy thathe can have one of his puppies. Slim tells Candy that he can have any of them pups he wants. However, Candy refuses to acknowledge his offer, strengthening the already tense atmosphere in the bunkhouse.How Does Steinbeck Create Tension in Chapter Three in Of Mice and Men Steinbeck creates tension by making the atmosphere before Curleys dog gets shot very awkward. He does this by writing about how small noises draw everyones attention in the room to it He rippled the edge of the deck nervously, and the little snapping noise drew the eyes of all men in the room, so that he stopped doing it. This quote gives a sense of tension, since tiny things like rippling cards can drew everyones attention. This makes it seem like a very quiet atmosphere. While everyones attention is drawn to the small sounds, Candy just stares at the ceiling and eventually rolls over. This makes the reader feel that all Candy can think about is his dog being shot, and this also brings a tense feel. Tension is also created by Steinbeck using the word silence to describe the atmosphere of the room leading up to the dog being shot. The characters do not want the silence present, meaning the shot will be heard by Candy.This will increase the awkward a tmosphere in the room because no one is quite sure as to how Candy can be comforted. Slim tries to break the silence in the room by telling Candy that he can have one of his puppies. Slim tells Candy that he can have any of them pups he wants. However, Candy refuses to acknowledge his offer, strengthening the already tense atmosphere in the bunkhouse. How Does Steinbeck Create Tension in Chapter Three in Of Mice and Men Steinbeck creates tension by making the atmosphere before Curleys dog gets shot very awkward. He does this by writing about how small noises draw everyones attention in the room to it He rippled the edge of the deck nervously, and the little snapping noise drew the eyes of all men in the room, so that he stopped doing it. This quote gives a sense of tension, since tiny things like rippling cards can drew everyones attention. This makes it seem like a very quiet atmosphere. While everyones attention is drawn to the small sounds, Candy just stares at the ceiling and ev entually rolls over.This makes the reader feel that all Candy can think about is his dog being shot, and this also brings a tense feel. Tension is also created by Steinbeck using the word silence to describe the atmosphere of the room leading up to the dog being shot. The characters do not want the silence present,meaning the shot will be heard by Candy. This will increase the awkward atmosphere in the room because no one is quite sure as to how Candy can be comforted. Slim tries to break the silence in the room by telling Candy that he can have one of his puppies. Slim tells Candy that he can have any of them pups he wants. However, Candy refuses to acknowledge his offer, strengthening the already tense atmosphere in the bunkhouse.How Does Steinbeck Create Tension in Chapter Three in Of Mice and Men Steinbeck creates tension by making the atmosphere before Curleys dog gets shot very awkward. He does this by writing about how small noises draw everyones attention in the room to it H e rippled the edge of the deck nervously, and the little snapping noise drew the eyes of all men in the room, so that he stopped doing it. This quote gives a sense of tension, since tiny things like rippling cards can drew everyones attention. This makes it seem like a very quiet atmosphere. While everyones attention is drawn to the small sounds, Candy just stares at the ceiling and eventually rolls over. This makes the reader feel that all Candy can think about is his dog being shot, and this also brings a tense feel. Tension is also created by Steinbeck using the word silence to describe the atmosphere of the room leading up to the dog being shot. The characters do not want the silence present, meaning the shot will be heard by Candy.This will increase the awkward atmosphere in the room because no one is quite sure as to how Candy can be comforted. Slim tries to break the silence in the room by telling Candy that he can have one of his puppies. Slim tells Candy that he can have an y of them pups he wants. However, Candy refuses to acknowledge his offer, strengthening the already tense atmosphere in the bunkhouse. How Does Steinbeck Create Tension in Chapter Three in Of Mice and Men Steinbeck creates tension by making the atmosphere before Curleys dog gets shot very awkward. He does this by writing about how small noises draw everyones attention in the room to it He rippled the edge of the deck nervously, and the little snapping noise drew the eyes of all men in the room, so that he stopped doing it. This quote gives a sense of tension, since tiny things like rippling cards can drew everyones attention. This makes it seem like a very quiet atmosphere.While everyones attention is drawn to the small sounds, Candy just stares at the ceiling and eventually rolls over. This makes the reader feel that all Candy can think about is his dog being shot,and this also brings a tense feel. Tension is also created by Steinbeck using the word silence to describe the atmosphe re of the room leading up to the dog being shot. The characters do not want the silence present, meaning the shot will be heard by Candy. This will increase the awkward atmosphere in the room because no one is quite sure as to how Candy can be comforted. Slim tries to break the silence in the room by telling Candy that he can have one of his puppies. Slim tells Candy that he can have any of them pups he wants. However, Candy refuses to acknowledge his offer, strengthening the already tense atmosphere in the bunkhouse.How Does Steinbeck Create Tension in Chapter Three in Of Mice and Men Steinbeck creates tension by making the atmosphere before Curleys dog gets shot very awkward. He does this by writing about how small noises draw everyones attention in the room to it He rippled the edge of the deck nervously, and the little snapping noise drew the eyes of all men in the room, so that he stopped doing it. This quote gives a sense of tension, since tiny things like rippling cards can d rew everyones attention. This makes it seem like a very quiet atmosphere. While everyones attention is drawn to the small sounds, Candy just stares at the ceiling and eventually rolls over. This makes the reader feel that all Candy can think about is his dog being shot, and this also brings a tense feel. Tension is also created by Steinbeck using the word silence to describe the atmosphere of the room leading up to the dog being shot. The characters do not want the silence present, meaning the shot will be heard by Candy. This will increase the awkward atmosphere in the room because no one is quite sure as to how Candy can be comforted. Slim tries to break the silence in the room by telling Candy that he can have one of his puppies.Slim tells Candy that he can have any of them pups he wants. However, Candy refuses to acknowledge his offer, strengthening the already tense atmosphere in the bunkhouse. How Does Steinbeck Create Tension in Chapter Three in Of Mice and Men Steinbeck crea tes tension by making the atmosphere before Curleys dog gets shot very awkward. He does this by writing about how small noises draw everyones attention in the room to it He rippled the edge of the deck nervously, and the little snapping noise drew the eyes of all men in the room, so that he stopped doing it. This quote gives a sense of tension, since tiny things like rippling cards can drew everyones attention. This makes it seem like avery quiet atmosphere.While everyones attention is drawn to the small sounds, Candy just stares at the ceiling and eventually rolls over. This makes the reader feel that all Candy can think about is his dog being shot, and this also brings a tense feel. Tension is also created by Steinbeck using the word silence to describe the atmosphere of the room leading up to the dog being shot. The characters do not want the silence present, meaning the shot will be heard by Candy. This will increase the awkward atmosphere in the room because no one is quite sur e as to how Candy can be comforted. Slim tries to break the silence in the room by telling Candy that he can have one of his puppies. Slim tells Candy that he can have any of them pups he wants. However, Candy refuses to acknowledge his offer, strengthening the already tense atmosphere in the bunkhouse.

BTEC National 90 Credits/ Diploma in Health and Social Care Essay

Overview of the wholeThis unit highlights the diverse mental perspectives and encourages learners to apply these approaches to the study of health and companionable c be. The value of mental studies to the reason of health and societal c are will besides be examined.Learners will initi from each oney consider the meaning of the term theories in the context of psychology, and will begin to appreciate the revolution of psychological theories as they progress through the unit. Learners will examine the headliner psychological perspectives and then apply them to the health and amicable care sectors to gain imageing of the potential value of psychology in these sectors.On completion of this unit learners will arouse considered the psychological approach to studying health and fond care. The unit encourages reflection, and will be expensive to those learners intending to work with people in a caring capacity.Look to a greater extentsleep deprivation solution essay culture out beginsOn completion of this unit a learner should1 Understand psychological perspectives2 Understand psychological approaches to health and companionable care.Grading criteria for the unitTo achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able toP1 explain the principal psychological perspectivesP2 explain divergent psychological approaches to health practiceP3 explain different psychological approaches to social care practice.M1 assess different psychological approaches to studyM2 compare two psychological approaches to health and social care service provisionD1 evaluate two psychological approaches to health and social care service provision.P1 Explain key points of the following principal psychological perspectives In this assignment there will be an explanation on the key pinots of the following principal psychological perspectives.Behaviourist perspective airist psychologists explain all human behavior as resulting from have a bun in the oven. Two key thinkers associated with this perspective are Pavlov (classical conditioning) and skinner (operant conditioning). Although these two theories believed that different processes were involved, they both explained all types of behavior as creation the result of learning-everything from shyness to aggression, from happiness to depression. This is kinda different from, say the psychodynamic or biological approaches.The first supposition of learning is called classical conditioning. This surmise was authentic by a Russian physiologist called Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). He was working with docks to investigate their digestive system. The dogs were attached to a harness, as sh own opposite, and Pavlov attached monitors to their stomach and mouths so he could measure the rate of salivation(production of saliva).One day he noticed that a dog began to salivate when the laboratory assistant entered the room with a bowl of food, simply before it had actually tasted the food. Since salivatio n is a reflex response (which until then was thought to be produced only as a result of food touching the tongue), this seemed unusual. Pavlov speculated that the dog was salivating because it had learned to associate the laboratory assistant with food. He then developed his theory in the following focussing.This type of learning is associated with the theories of Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990). Skinner was an Ameri tummy psychologist who worked mostly with rats and pigeons, to disc over some(a) of the key principles of learning new behaviors. He used a very famous device, called a Skinner box, illustrated below. The box contains a level which, when pressed, releases a food pellet into the box, gum olibanum reinforcing lever-pressing behavior.When the rat is first placed the box it will run around, sniff the various items and at some point it will press the lever, releasing a food pellet. After a while, when the rat has repeatedly per organise this action, it will learn that this behavior (pressing the lever) is automatically followed by the release of a food pellet (the consequences). Because the pellet is knowledged as reinforcing (something the rat would care to have more of), this consequence increases the prob capability of the behavior being repeated. There are two types of reinforcing positive reinforcement and oppose reinforcement. Skinner investigated negative reinforcement by running a very low galvanizing current on the floor of the Skinner box.Psychodynamic Perspective This approach is associated with the Austrian psychologists Sigmund Frued (1856-1939), who developed the theory of psychoanalysis. A key follower of Freud was Erik Erikson (1902-1994), who adapted aspects of Freuds approach.Freud depict the occasion when a Member of Parliament was referring to the MP for Hull, with whom he disagreed round some policy. Instead of sayingthe honourable member from Hull he declared to say, the honourable member from Hell. Freud was atomic number 53 of the earliest thinkers to bring to public attention the idea that we are not al musical modes aware of all aspects of ourselves. He suggested that what we are aware of is represented in our conscious musical theme precisely that many of our memories, shades and past experiences are locked up in part of our mind he called the unconscious mind. We finishnot access the content of our conscious, but they often leak out in dreams and slips of the tongue. Freud believed that the conscious mind was like the tip of an iceberg- only a refined part being available to awareness. Part of the unconscious that we can easily access he called the pre-conscious. This contains information not yet in consciousness but that can easily be retrieved (e.g. the name of Aunt Edies cat). The rest, well under the surface consisted of the unconscious.The importance of early experience in determining afterward behaviours is clearly illustrated by Freuds suppuration theory of psychosexual maps. He believed that we all go through several stages of psychosexual development. At apiece stage, the singulars libido (energy) is focalizeed on a part of the body that is particularly relevant at that stage. If the needs of the developing child are met at each stage, it moves on to the next development stage. If, however, there is struggle or conflict or some unsatisfactory experience, the somebodys ferments fixated (stuck) at this stage. This result in certain(a) ways of being, or soulfulnessality traits, which are carried through into adulthood and which can explain behaviour later in life.The earliest stage is the oral stage. This focus here is on the mouth and activities such as sucking, biting and licking. Freud believes that there could be two reasons for fixation. If the infant was weaned too early, it would disembodied spirit forever under-gratified and ungratified and would develop into a pessimistic, sarcastic soulfulness. If, on the another(prenominal) hand, it was over-gratified (weaned too late) the individual would develop a gullible personality, naively trusting in others and with a aspiration to swallow anything. This stage lasts from birth to approximately 18 months.If the infant successful passes through the oral stage without becomingfixated, the next stage is the anal stage, which last fro, approximately one to three days. Here there libido is focussed on aspects to do with deal training, with child feeling forced to use the potty before they are ready, or feeling over- compriseled in various area, they may rebel by retaining their faces the child refuses to go, thus holding on to control and withholding satisfaction from the parent.During the stage of four to five the child passes through the phallic stage. Fixation at this stage is associated with fretfulness and guilty feeling almost sex and fear of castration for males. If this stage is not resolved, the theory suggests that a boy may become homosexual and a girl ma y become lesbian. Freud thought these were abnormal fixation however most people today would not view them this way.Between that age of five to seven and the infringement of puberty, the child enters the latency stage, which is not strictly speaking a developmental phase but a time when the focus is on social pursuit such as sport, academic ex boothence and the development of friendships.The final psychosexual stage is the genital stage, which begins at puberty. Freud believed that the less fixated the individual has become during earlier stages, the more easily this stage will be negotiated, resulting in the ability to form strong heterosexual relationship with an ability to be limber up and loving as well as to receive love in a new, mature fashion. A second grave feature early experience is the development of ego defence mechanisms. The use of a defence mechanism allows us to block out events that threaten to overwhelm us.A final curve is that of the mind. Freud suggested tha t the in which he called the psych is divided into three dynamic parts. The lid is a part of the much which totally unconscious and which exist at birth. The superego is a formed as a result of socialisation and consists of all instructions, morals and values that are repeatedly enforced as we are growing up. The main spot of superego is to try to subdue the activity of the lid. The ego tries to balance the demands of the lid and the superegoThis table will suggest examplesName of defence mechaniseExplanationExampleRepressionThe person forgets the eventForgetting a traumatic event in childhood (e.g. a car crash) RegressionReverting to an earlier stage of developmentWetting the be intimate when a sibling us born, having been dry before DenialPushing an event or emotion out of consciousnessDenying that a loved one has diedDisplacementRedirecting desires onto a safe objectKicking the cat at home because your boss gave you hard time at workErik Erikson was psychologist who agrees wit h much of Freuds theory in so far as he thought that we developed through a series of stages. However, the thought that these continued throughout our spirit and were essentially social nature. He also believed that Freud put too much emphasis on our desire for individuals gratification and not full on our needs to be accepted by society and lead a meaningful life. Erikson suggested that we move through a series of psychosocial cries with different social factors at each stage. For example between birth and the age of one, the life crisis concern developing trust or mistrust in self and other. The social focus this stage is the mother.Psychosocial stages mapKey focus of stagePositive outcomeNegative outcomeStage one (0-1 age)How the infant is parentedDependable, antiphonal caring parenting lead to a sense of trust Parenting that lacks warmth and affection or is inconsistent leads to mistrust Stage 2 (1-3years)Being enabled to do things by yourselfBeing supported in growing indepe ndent lead to a sense of autonomy Being criticised and over-controlled lead to a felling of doubt about your own competence Stage 3 (3-6 years)Interaction with the worldBeing encouraged to try out new skills and explore the world lead to sense of counterfeit Being hampered in the desire to find things out (e.g. criticised, told not to be silly) lead tp a sense of guilt and a lack of confidence Stage 4 (6-12 years)Understanding how things are made and how they workThe ability to succeed at realistic t asks lead to a sense of industry Being pushed to take on tasks they are not ready for leads to a sense of inferiority Stage 5 12-18 years)Developing a consistent sense of identifying by experiment Experimentation leads to a secure sense of identityThe inability to experiment and develop a sense of indentify leads to role surprise and negative identity companionable learning Culture refers to the shared values, norms and words, customer and practise of a group. Although we tend to thin k of culture as being specific to different countries, it also refers to different sub-groups within society. For example, people from different socioeconomic groups within the UK will share different aspects of culture, such as the value placed on eating at a table rather than on your lap in front of the television the way in which money is spent and how to talk to your elders. It is important to infer how culture affects our behaviour in order to gain full understanding of the people we encounter and those we work with.There are many influences in our behaviour- from peers, siblings, parents, television, sports personalities and other celebrities. According to thesocial learning theory, role models are very important. While we may learn new behaviours fro, anyone the likelihood of imitating such behaviours is strongly influenced by the way we perceive the person performing the behaviour (the model). If we observe someone we admire behaving in particular way, we are more likely yo u imitate such behaviour. This diagram below illustrates factors associate with a model that influences whatever we will imitate him or her.Our behaviour is dramatically influenced by the presence of other, however much we may believe ourselves to be truly individual in out beliefs and behaviour. Nowhere is this more clearly demonstrated than in the experiments conducted in the 1950s by social psychologist Solomon Asch. He was interested in a concept called major influence. This is when the presence of other people causes us to change our public behaviour or opinions because we do not want to stand out from the crowd.This is an important concept in psychology that has a big impact in the way we behave toward others and express them to behave toward us. If we believe ourselves to be worthwhile, pleasant, and likeable them we will almost certainly be polite and cheerful toward those we meet, thus creating a favourable impression. In response, those who come into contract with us per ceive us favourable and behave in an s positive way towards us, with the result that out positive self-belief are confirmed. If on the other hand, we are angry full of resentment, believe the world is against us and so on, then we are likely to behave in s more aggressive, confrontational or argumentative way, in which will confirm our views of ourselves and the worlds.There is a similarity between role theory and the self-fulfilling prophecy, in that role theory suggests that because we live(a) within particular culture, society and social group we are influenced by other people. This influence suspensors lead us to adopt certain roles and tries to live up to the expectations that go with this role.Social learning theory explains behaviour as the result of learning formpeople we are exposed to in our environment. We can also learn new behaviours from people we observe, either in real life or in the media. This is knows as observational learning and this theory was developed by th e American psychologist Albert Bandura.The person we learn from is known as the role model and the process of imitating is called modelling. However we do not imitate all behaviour we observe and remember. Whether or not it is our interest to imitate particular behaviour is influenced by characteristics of the model. If we see a model being punished for a certain behaviour we are likely you imitate it than if we see him or he being positively reinforced.HumanisticHumanistic psychology looks at human experience from the viewpoint of the individual. It focuses on the idea of free will and the belief that we are all capable of making choices. Two psychologist associated with this approach are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.Mallow (1903-1970) was an American psychologist who believed that we are all seeking becomes the best that we can possibly be-spirally, physically, emotionally and intellectually. He called this self- actualisation. He constructed a theory known as the hierarchy of n eeds, in which he explained that every human being requires certain basic needs to be met before they can approach the next level.As the diagram shown, Maslow believed they until our basic physiologic needs ate meet we will focus all our energies on getting them met and not begin or progress further. When we are well-housed well-fed and booming physically, we begin to focus on our emotional needs, such as the need to belong and be loved and to feel self-esteem. When our lived are such that these needs are also met, we strive to self-actualise.Rogers (1902-1987) was partially interested in the concept of sel. There are many aspects of the self but two are especially important here. Self-concept refers to the way we view ourselves. This includes physical and biologicalattributes such as male or female, blond or brunette, tall or short, as well as personality traits such as being kind, humble, assertive, and hard-working. The self-concept is formed from nearly age and young children i nternalise other peoples judgments of them, which them become part of their self-concept. Roger believed that we also hold a concept of self called the idea self. This represents a view of us as we felt we should be and as we would like to be.Self-esteem how valuable we fell, literally the amount of esteem we check to ourselves. Someone with high self-esteem will believe they are loved and lovable and that they are important and valued. An individual with low self-esteem, may feel unwanted and fruitless, or no value to anyone else, unloved and unlovable.Self-concept the way we see ourselves. In early life this comes from what we are told about ourselves.Cognitive/information processingThis psychological perspective has gained enormous ground since the 2960s, when the influence of behaviourism began to wane. With the development of computer came the idea that brain activity was like the operation of a computer. A great deal of research has been devoted to understanding cognitive pr ocesses such as attention, memory, perception information processing, problem solving, through, language and other aspect of cognition.Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss psychologist who initially worked on measuring intelligence. During his research he noticed that children of the alike age made the same mistake in logic, however bright they were. He came to the conclusion that cognition develops through a series of stages, each new stage building on the previous one.StageAgeKey featuresStage 1 sensori-motor0-2 yearsThe world is experienced through motor activity and the senses Stage 2 pre-operational2-7 yearsLanguage develops along with memory. The child is egocentric and unable to conserve Stage 3 concrete operational7-11 yearsThe child can now understand conservation but cannot yet solve problems mentally Stage 4formal operational11+The child cannot use abstract thoughts and represent problems mentallyGeorge Kelly (1905-1966) developed a unique psychological theory known as th e psychology of personal constructs. He saw the individual as a scientist, making predictions about the future, testing them and, if necessary, revising them according to new evidence. A construct is a way of constructing (interpreting and making sense of) reality and the environment. Kelly believed that we do not have to be constrained by our past history but can seek out new, alternative, more positive meanings.Biological perspectiveThe theory of maturation holds that the effects of the environment are minimal. The child is born with a self of genetic instructions passed down from its parents, and its cognitive, physical and other developmental processes only if unfold over time, rather than being depended upon the environment to mature. It is in effect a theory which stated that development is due to nature not nurture. This is quite a contact to learning theory or humanistic theory, where the effects of nurture are paramount. Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) believed that development occurred according to a sequence of maturational processes. For example, development in the womb follows a fixed set of stages the heart begins to form first, along with a rudimentary neural system. Bones and muscles develop next and over time the organism develops into a fully functioning human being, readyto be born. As the child develops from birth onwards, its genes allow it to flower gradually into the person he or she is meant to be. The environment should provide support for this unfolding of talents, skills personality and interests but the main thing driving this development is the maturational process.The autonomic nervous system produces its effects through activation of nerve fibre throughout the nervous system, brain and body or by stimulating the release of hormones from endocrinal glands (such as the adrenal and pineal glands). Hormones are biochemical substances that are released into the bloodstream and have a profound effect on target organs and on behaviour. Th ey are present in very small quantities and individual molecules have a very short life, so their effects quickly disappear if they are not secreted continuously.There are a large number of hormones includingMelatonin, which is released by the pineal gland and acts on the brainstem sleep mechanism to help synchronize the phases of sleep and activity Testosterone, which is released in the testicle and may influence aggressiveness Oxytocin, which is released by the pituitary gland and stimulates milk production and females orgasms Some hormones are released as response to external stimuli.Central nervous systemAutonomic nervous systemConsists of the brain and spinal cordRegulates organs of the body and processes such as heart rate and blood pressure only one break is activated at any timeSympathetic branchParasympathetic branchAssociated with arousal and the fight or flight responseAssociated with rest and relaxationGenes affect behaviour in many ways. Some discords, such as Hunting tons disease, are caused by a single dominate gene, which either parent can pass on to their children. Other, such as caustic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia, are caused when both parents pass on the gene for the disorder. Some of the changes in behaviour are listed below, through this list is not comprehensive Hallucinations and delusionsSevere confusionProgressive memory lossInappropriate speech use of jargon or wrongs wordsPersonality changes including anxiety and depression, withdrawal from social interaction. Decreased ability to care for oneself and inability to maintain employment.P2 Explain different psychological approaches to health practice.In this task there will be an explanation on the different psychological approaches to health practice.Psychodynamic perspectiveUnderstanding challenging behaviourThe basic tenet of this perspective I that much of our behaviour is driven by unconscious forces. It is therefore important to recognise that we may not be able to understan d behaviours using question and answer techniques, as the individual may not be aware of what is troubling them. It is necessary to delve a little deeper and try to interpret behaviour, on the assumption that the behaviour is in some way a symptom of what is going on in the unconscious.Understanding and managing anxietyWhen we are anxious we often have fears about even that have happened or might happen, about things we have done or might do, and about whether the world is safe or unsafe place. We often try to control anxiety using a variety of strategies. Sometime we use denial- the ostrich approach where we bury our heads in the sand and pretend the object of our anxiety doesntexist. Sadly, for mot of us, the anxiety still seeps through, and may present itself in the form of physical symptom.Cognitive perspectiveSupporting individuals with learning difficultiesIndividuals with earning difficulties can experience enormous licking in their daily live as they seek to make sense of w hat can be bewildering experiences. The cognitive approach can be used to help people who misread situation. By identifying irrational thoughts, an individual can be guided to change them, with consequent benefits for their emotional and behaviour. Cognitive work of this type can improve self-esteem and reduce outburst, which may be triggered by lack of understanding of the requirements of a given situation (for example, having to wait in turn for a meal.)Supporting individuals with emotional problemsThe cognitive perspective is widely used with individuals with a wide variety of emotional problems. This perspective begins by examining how distorted and irrational negative thoughts influence feelings, which hen lead to change in behaviour.Support individuals with depressionThe psychologist Aaron Beck has formed a helpful approach to understanding depression, known as cognitive behaviour therapy. The pattern of behaviour common to these suffering from depression is described by Beck as a cognitive triad. To begin with, the individual thinks he is worthless and inadequate. This self-appraisal then lead to the beliefs that this lack of worth means that the future will be just as bad as the present. This then generalises to a sentence that the world contains problems and difficulties that he individual us powerless to overcome. The goal of cognitive therapy is to challenge these negative thoughts and to encourage the patient to develop alternative, more positive, ways of seeing the world.Identifying negative-irrational/distorted thinkingThis can be done by keeping a diary and recording every instance of negative thinking and the feelings that follow. ab initio this can be difficult, asthese patterns are so automatic it can be difficult to notice them. However it will get easier over time. For example asking yourself What is the evidence for such negative thinking?Are there alternative explanations? It can be helpful to think how others would response or ask the m How does it affect me to think so negativelyWhat type if thinking errors am I making (for example, magnifying or catastrophizing)Supporting individuals with post-traumatic stress disorderThis disorder consists of a set of symptoms as outlined belowRe-experiencing the traumatic event (intrusion)NightmaresFlashbacksFrequent recall of the eventIntense emotional upset produced by stimuli that symbolize the event (e.g. fireworks may symbolise a battlefields)Avoiding of stimuli associated with the event (or numbering of responsiveness) The person tries to avoid thinking about the trauma or encountering stimuli that will bring it to mind The person may be unable to remember the eventDecreased interest in otherA sense of estrangementAn inability to feel positive emotionsIncreased arousalDifficulties falling or staying asleepDifficulties contractingHyper- VigilanceAn exaggerate startle responseThe above are some, or all of the symptoms experienced by individuals with a diagnosis of pat-tra umatic stress disorder (PTSD).Biological perspectiveArnold Gesell developed an assessment scale to enable judgement to be, made about whether a childs behaviour and understanding matches that their chronological age (how old the child is). This scale enables the childs tons to be compared against their scores at an earliest age to determine whether development is proceeding satisfactorily. It also enables a skilled and trained assessor to indentify developmental problems that may emerge for an individual, thus allowing for early and appropriate intervention. There are three overlapping stages at which development can be measured Between two and a half years to age sixBetween four and six years oldBetween six and nine years oldAt each age there are various tests to assess different aspects of development. One test administered at around the age of four consists of comprehension questions. It measures the childs ability to use perceptual accuracy and skills involved in regulating it s own behaviour and emotions by asking him to plan solutions to hypothetical social situations. This allows for a judgment to be made on the childs ability to deal with actual social situations as it reaches the age of about five years old.The cubes test, which is used primarily with children aged two to six, assess the ability to follow directions and perform a structured task. Visual perception and fine motor co-ordination skills involves in colouring, cutting and handwriting are assed against developmental norms. The childs attention span, together with the ability to perceive different shapes accurately, is also measured and together these give information about reading comprehension, spelling and mathematical skills.M1 Asses different psychological approached to studyIn this assignment their will be an assessment of different psychological approaches to study.

Chinese Mythology Essay

figmentology is a collection of myths or the study of ancient traditional stories of gods or heroes, giving an story to an unexplained event. For Plato, the fist known user of the term, muthologia meant know more than the telling of stories (Kirk 8). Mythology is an important aspect to the world, today. Through the study of myths help us develop an idea of what the cultures were handle. It includes hints that exhibit how they lived their lives. Myth is its serious purpose and its importance to the culture (Lansford 1).Every culture has its own myth that explains about the nature of that feature culture. The Chinese culture has been around for many centuries, its myths have accumulated into varies stories of gods and their culture. China is the worlds oldest continuous civilization (Cotterel 9). Evidence show the early Chinese civilization to be found around 1650 B. C. The beginnings of Chinese mythology, started around the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Influenced by alchemist ideas, Ta oist and Buddhist superstitions, various writers created storied about their enigmatic surroundings.The beginning of the Chinese civilization is based on mythology. One of the creation myths is about the beginning of the world. In it, the world began as an egg and cracking open, the top of the shell grew to be the sky, the lower shell became the Earth, and in the middle stepped a man named Pan-gu. Mythology of the ancient Chinese is app atomic number 18nt through art, music and literature. Since, there is no explanation of how the Chinese civilization began mythology has been a way of explanation to the Chinese culture and other cultures around the world, today.Chinese mythology, as with many other cultures, has many gods and goddesses that are in charge of various things. In the Ancient Chinese culture, there are gods and goddesses for all(prenominal) important aspect of the spates life, even things as unlikely as the stove god and the door god. Other deities that were important to the Chinese people were the gods of the ele workforcets such as Chu Jung, the fire god, Lei Kun, the thunder god, the slue god, and the lightning goddess. Most of the element gods devoted themselves to punishing criminals and keeping evil spirits away.There were also important gods in charge of fields such as Kuan Ti, the god of war, Kuan Yin, the goddess of compassion, TShai-shen, the god of wealth and Tsao hsang, god of the hearth. Although there gods were very important to the Chinese people, one of the most important gods was Nu wa, the mother goddess. She was a kind-hearted goddess who created mankind and bestowed love and creation to them. She helped her people when they were in need, like when she created rice from her own milk and blood in order to feed her people.She was very discredit and a modest goddess, not wanting credit for her benevolence. The gods and goddesses of Chinese mythology were basically deities that symbolized the good and just qualities that people should imitate in their everyday life. The terra firma of Chinese life was a belief in harmony and balance (Williams 20). The Chinese believed in harmony with nature, and sometimes honored the spirits with gifts, feasts, and rituals. The Chinese believed the souls of the dead returned (Williams 20), a concept of Buddhism. The family held Chinese society together (Williams 20).In China, many generations of families lived together, even in the same house, and the children were taught to respect and obey their elders (Williams 20). As in all cultures, men were ? superior to women in China. Parents believed they would become gods after they died, if they had a son (Williams 21). This belief was taken fiercely to the point that the parents would kill a newborn female. A rule that the upper-class women followed was of foot binding, which was believed to make the foot appear tiny, since the culture considered small feet feminine and delicate.The most important festival in China was the C hinese tender Year, it is held in the spring of each year. During this festival, offerings were given to the sprits. In China, the color white is considered the mourning color and the children showed respect for dead parents by fasting and wearing deep clothes (Williams 21). Most beliefs and customs of the Chinese culture appear from the religions of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The Chinese culture has a long history of beliefs and customs, which are used by the generations onward and now.It is highly unlikely that the generations to come would not be following the same beliefs and customs of the ancient Chinese. The origin of religion goes back to prehistoric times when the earliest people of China sought answers to the same basic questions that have baffled primitive men over the world what is the unseen force that brings darkness and light, wintertime and summer, drought and rain, life and death what must men do to appease this force? (Schafer 57) Ancient China has thr ee main religions Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.Confucius was concerned mostly with laws make by people, and whether people were naturally good or naturally evil. In contrast, the followers of Lao-tzu believed people were guided by universal laws, not human ones. This was the basis of Taoism (Williams 18). Taoists tried to live a life of simplicity and meditation close to nature. Taoism was mystical and influenced by ancient Chinese folk religion. Its followers used incantation as well as prayer and diet to seek eternal youth (Williams 19). Taoists were peaceful people who generally lived peaceful lives.Buddhists follow the teachings of Buddha (born 563 B. C. ), a northeasterly Indian prince who devoted his life to a search for personal peace, or enlightenment. The name Buddha means enlightened one. He believed that by giving up worldly desires, such as for fine food and clothes, a blissful state called nirvana could be achieved. In nirvana there was freedom from sorrows of t he world. Indian belief as that time held that people were reborn many times. Persons who had lived badly in former lives might be born in an animal or insect form.Buddha said that by reaching nirvana, this endless cycle of rebirth could be broken (Cotterell 27). Buddhists follow an eight-fold path, this is like a code by which they live. Confucianism came in earlier than Taoism and Chinese Buddhism. The so-called Confucian classics were, in fact, complied long after the death of Confucius by disciples of his disciples, and were edited and interpreted in Han times by disposal scribes but they purport to reflect the views of the great sage of antiquity on history, religious rites, morals, and standards of behavior.The state officers of Han times accepted these interpretations and associated them with the standardized pagan nature pietism of state cult as a part of the acceptable way of life for a Han gentleman. We in the west sometimes call this way of life, which includes some(pr enominal) reverence for the ? ancient books and the ? ancient gods, ? Confucianism (Schafer 60-61). Confucianism flourished in China as so did the other religions. The Chinese were inquisitive people, always inventing and always wondering how things worked.It is only analytic for them to generate religions that explain how life is and how it will be in the afterlife. In Chinese mythology, myths and legends deal with aspects of human nature, human relations and social life (Owens). Chinese myths use human traits, like emotion, to convey lessons. The myth on the creation of man clearly depicts the basics of a Chinese myth. After Pan-gu, source of the world, died and his body transformed into different elements of the Earth, Nu wa, the dragon goddess, came down from heavens and admired Pan-gus creation. In order to honor Pan-gus founder to the Earth, Nu wa decided to create humans.She started to make them out of yellow frame, but since it took much of her strength, she dipped a rop e into the mud and when she took it out, the drips became people. Her clay and mud people were not alive, so her heart took pity and she breathed her divine breath into them. She also whispered thoughts of love and creation into their ears and told them to reproduce. The people made of yellow clay became the rich and the people Nu wa made of mud became the poor. This myth explains many aspects of human life. It explains how the social classes came to be and also human emotions.Nu wa shows human emotions like honor, when she was determined to let Pan-gus death not be in vain in compassion, she breathed her divine breath into each and every human. This myth represents human relations because Nu wa put ideas of love and procreation into the human races mind. These Chinese myths explain how the good and bad came to be and how a person should live a happy a fulfilling life. Mythology is not a subject that should be ignored. It is an important subject that should be learned and understoo d by all cultures so that as a world, we can come to understand each other better.The first step in hatred is fear. guardianship of the unknown can generate more hate than anyone could possibly fathom. If everyone became educated about other culture, there would be little to know unknown, and there would probably be less hate in the world. Mythology, the study of myths, gives people an insight to others dreams, hopes, and their fears. We all have hopes, dreams, and fears. By learning about other cultures hopes, dreams, and fears we can tone of voice more connected to each other and reach out. Mythology is a key element in keeping peace without shedding blood. Work Cited Cotterel, Arthur.Ancient China. Kirk, Geoffrey Stephen. Myth its meaning and functions in ancient and other culture California University of California Press. 1970 Lansford, Tyler. Mythology Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2002. Microsoft Corporation, 2002 Owens, D. W. Ancient Chinese Mythology Gods and goddess fol klore Google. com. November 5, 2003 Schafer, Edward H. Ancient China. New York Time Inc. 1967 Williams, Brians. Ancient China. Middlesex, England vibrating reed Educational and Professional Publishing, Ltd. 1996.

9/11 Informative Speech

SAMPLE SPEECH OUTLINE INTRODUCTION Attention Getter How many of you still remember September 11, 2001? tie/Relate with the Audience Many of us were around the age of 9 or 10 when these attacks occurred and didnt collect a clue of what was going on. We just knew it wasnt normal. thesis The World Trade Center attacks were part of a strategic plan of a terrorist group al-Qaeda. And I will be mapping out the attacks as they unfolded. Preview of principal(prenominal) time periods Four planes were hijacked, each intended for different targets.According to the New York generation, the flights that were hijacked included AA safety valve 11, UA Flight 175, AA Flight 77, and UA Flight 93. (Schmemann A1) Transition to Body These attacks have proven that evil still exists in this world but even after such a loss, our nation still stands strong. BODY (2-5 MAIN POINTS) I. start-off Main Point American Airlines flight 11 was the first plane to hit. a. First Sub-point Intended flight was fro m Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angeles, California. (Schmemann A1) i.Also read Informative try on About AfricaSupport It carried 87 passengers addition the hijackers. ii. Support Three people were injured and 1 was killed when the hijacking took place. b. scrap Sub-point Flight 11 hit the WTC newton building at approximately 846 AM. iii. Support Many believed this brush was not on purpose but was because of the jet failing. iv. Support At 1028 AM the building collapsed due to structural failure. c. Transition None of us didnt expect three more planes headed for destruction. II. Second Main Point get together Airlines Flight 175 was the second plane to be hijacked. . First Sub-point This planes intended path was also from Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angeles, California. (Schmemann A1) v. Support This flight carried 60 passengers plus the few hijackers onboard. vi. Support Fifteen minutes after Flight 11 jard with the North bulk large, Flight 175 disassembleed into the S outh tower at 901 AM. (Wood 1) e. Second Sub-point This impact was the one many of us saw on live TV. vii. Support This flight came crashed into the South tower at almost 600 miles per hour. viii.Support It caused the south tower to collapse before the north tower at approximately 959 AM. (Wood 1) f. Transition The other devil planes which were intended for a crash come were not bound for New York. One successfully reached its target, while another was stopped in its tracks. III. Third Main Point According to The final two planes which were American Airlines flight 77 and United Airlines flight 93 were all headed to the Washington D. C. area. g. First Sub-point According to James Harris, Author, Flight 77 was intended to collide into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. x. Support The flight carried 59 people plus the hijackers. x. Support Impact was determined at approximately 937 AM. (Harris 189) h. Second Sub-point Flight 93 carried a significant story behind its hijacking. xi. Support Evan Thomas states that It departed from Newark, New Jersey and planned to land in San Francisco. The hijackers intended to crash the plane in the final target of their scheme which was the White House. xii. Support When the passengers onboard knew of the three hijackings.They teamed up in an effort to regain control of the plane and search to bring it to safety. xiii. Support After fighting their way into the flight deck, the few passengers attempted to grab hold of the steering column. However, with the struggle between them and the hijackers, the airplane crash landed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. xiv. Support All onboard the plane were instantly killed, however those onboard are considered heroes for their effort in not only defending themselves, but the country. (Evans 54) CONCLUSIONSummary of Main Points That Tuesday on September 11, 2001. The nation had suffered a severe loss totaling around 3000 deaths in this attack. Three out of the 4 planes made it to thei r intended targets. But United 93 veered the hijackers into an open field. I consider not only those involved with the rescue, but those who were killed as heroes. Clincher These attacks did cause pain and sorrow. And has placed something unforgettable in our minds. However, we as a nation have come together and become stronger as a whole. Works Cited Evans, Thomas. The Real Story Of Flight 93. Newsweek 138. 23 (2001) 54. academician Search Premier. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. Harris, James. September 11, 2001, Airliner Crash Into The Pentagon. Journal Of Performance Of Constructed Facilities 19. 3 (2005) 189-196. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2012. Schmemann, Serge. U. S. ATTACKED President Vows to Exact Punishment for Evil. New York Times 12 Sept. 2001, Late ed. A1. Print. Wood, Daniel. The Nation Reels. Christian Science Monitor 12 Sept. 2001 1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 30 Sept. 2012.

Hunger game Essay

In the novel the thirstiness Games by Suzanne Collins, the main character is Katniss Everdeen a effeminate that represent district 12. Throughout her journey she has to fight against eleven different district and twenty-three other tributes in order to be the last tribute to survive. Although Katniss know that the Hunger Games is not an easy working class to complete winning or staying alive is the only option, she still gain the power and confidences to compete.Throughout the Hunger Games all the power was given to the totalitarian government of the capitol. The government was able to swan the people and the districts of Panem, because they take into custody most of the country of Panem wealth. In theHunger Games the citizens of Panem were consider to be servants in a brutal game of sustenance and death. The games keep the people of the districts divided and fighting among themselves. Taking the kids from our districts, forcing them to kill on another while we cod (1.18). Th e main purpose is to remind the districts how weak they are, and cannot do nothing about it, their deaths is for televised entertainment. As the journey continues Katniss started to coach more power and confidences in herself. The control the capitol has over each districts is to maintain order. But when it came to Katniss and Peeta the capitol had little control over them. Eventually I understood this would only lead us to more trouble (1. 6).At this point in time Katnisss fear that the capitol is controlling her. I dont compulsion them to change me in there. Turn me into some kind of monster that Im not (10. 141). Peeta wants to live on as himself, not as one of the capitols servants. The Hunger Games involved different stages of dystopia. In which they use propaganda to control the citizens of Panem. The only option they have is to fight for their survival to win or to be killed. moreover Katniss defeats the capitol and frees the districts from its wrath.

Florida Department of Management Services Essay

gatewayIn the early 1990s, the Florida Department of Management function (DMS) had built up a large education systems internet that serve welld reconcile g everywherenment agencies in 10 regional sites and connected these to the data center in Tallahassee. The network was based on the engross of the proprietary Systems Network Architecture (SNA) from IBM and a mainframe at the data center that ho exampled most of the applications.Body1. Analyze the gage mechanisms needed to protect the DMS systems from both evoke employees and users dooring over the network. Two warranter mechanisms needed to protect the DMS systems be Virtual Private Networks and IP Security. agree to Stalling (2009) Virtual Private Networks (VPN) makes use of encryption and special protocols to provide security for those using the Internet or some other public network to interconnect sites. These public networks provide an access rail for telecommuters and other mobile employees to log on to corporat e systems from remote sites. The state employees would have to use the VPN to access the DMS by authenticating using their work credentials. IP Security (IPSec) provides the susceptibility to stop communications across a LAN, across private and public WANs and across the Internet. Some examples of IPSec are (1) inexpugn commensurate branch office connectivity over the Internet A company open fire build a specify virtual private network over the Internet or over a public WAN. This type of personal credit line rely firmly on the Internet and reduce its need for private networks, saving costs and network circumspection overhead.(2) Secure remote access over the Internet An end user whose system is equipped with IP security protocols can make a local call to an Internet service provider (ISP) and gain secure access to a company network. This reduces the cost of toll charges for traveling employees and telecommuters (3) establishing extranetand intranet connectivity with partners IPSec can be used to secure communication with other organizations, ensuring authentication and confidentiality and providing a key exchange mechanism (4) enhancing electronic commerce security even though some Web and electronic commerce applications have built-in security protocols, the use of IPSec enhances that security. IPSec guarantees that all traffic designated by the network administrator is both encrypted and authenticated, adding an additional layer of security to whatsoever is provided at the application layer.Similarly, whether other industries give rise to spheres in which competition takes place in open, intellectual-property-free spaces depends on various factors including the existence in a space of companies with proprietary solutions and the presence of technologies so complex they are vulnerable to inadvertent patent infringement. (Alexy, O., & Reitzig, M. (2012). 2. criticism the transition process performed by the DMS in the case study. Then, press two (2) alternatives to the IP infrastructure or applications not already mentioned in the case study. What is there to survey? All DMS did was install some routers and configured them. Can someone please help with this? Maturing Enterprise imagery Planning (ERP) systems are able to integrate business systems with building management systems for improved management subdues (such(prenominal) as consolidated dashboard-type reporting).Driven by business requirements for imagination efficiencies and management by measurement, this business discussion adaptation has been essential for the business leadership to steer, priorities and justify new investment. Allocating costs for usage, amortizing capital towards specific business causes and employing financial wizardry to get best tax advantage these all mean that the new extension of ERP tools needs to be facilities-aware. They should come with tools to digest consumption data so, whichever department had most use of icon conferencing, or toner ink, or WAN bandwidth, or access to out-of-hours air conditioning its all in the mix now. So many systems integrated BMS (iBMS), facilities reservation systems, maintenance management systems, cashless vending and EPOS, CCTV and access control are able to push the mountains of data they generate each day to other central management systems. Now IP networks are at the heart of enabling such data capture, collation and consolidation. (Manivannan, 2012)3. Critique the merits ofthe major services found on the DMS Website. According to the website, DMS is a shared service provider that supports state agencies and state employees through Human resourcefulness Support and Business Operations the Department of Management Services is responsible for managing the state personnel system, including Insurance Benefits, Florida Retirement System, Human Resource Management. DMS strives to provide the high-quality service our customers judge and deserve while decreasing the operating cos ts of state government so that more resources can be focused where they are needed most. Insurance Benefits-The Division of State Group Insurance (DSGI) offers and manages a comprehensive package of pre- and post-tax wellness and welfare indemnity benefits for active and retired state employees and their families, including a variety of health insurance options flexible spending and health savings accounts life insurance dental, vision and kind of insurance products.Florida Retirement System=The Division of Retirement (Division) was established to administer the Florida Retirement System (FRS), which was created in declination 1970 to consolidate active state-administered retirement systems. Since its creation, the Divisions responsibilities have expanded to include administering monitoring overseeing ensuring compliance. Human Resource Management- Floridas state employees are our most valuable resource. They are the face of state government. The Division of Human Resource Manage ment works with the agency personnel offices to develop charitable resource policies, practices and strategies. As tender-hearted resource professionals, it is our responsibility to ensure that the States HR policies and practices are designed to attract and support the employees who serve the people of Florida. People First is the states self-service, secure, web-based personnel information system and enterprise-wide suite of human resource (HR) services.The system streamlines and automates many of the states HR functions and is comprised of the following modules payroll preparation, attendance and leave, recruitment, benefits administration, human resources management, organizational management. 4. Recommend an additional service to add to the DMS Website. With technology today, there is a increased of the use of portable IP-enabled devices and group content distribution applications on Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). This surge is facilitated by its relation low cost of install ation and as such is an attractive option in environmentslacking existing communication infrastructure and/or in times of natural emergencies. DMS would greatly benefits from this because, their employees bequeath be able to access the website for information quicker when they are away from their desk. The WMNs is equally capable of providing high bandwidth access to the web.The capability of the WMNs can be enhanced by reinforcing the system with multicasting and mobility features. However, there are challenges of seamless integration when such existing multicasting and mobility features of MANET and fixed networks are migrated to the WMNs domain. Thus, a wide range of efforts have been directed at finding solutions to these challenges in order to increase the widespread deployment of the WMNs based communication infrastructure. By producing a one slew comprehensive account of incorporating multicasting with mobility support deployable via Wireless Mesh Networks, this work at ai ming at research directions in the area of integrated mobile multicasting on Wireless Mesh Networks. (Sanni, Hashim, Anwar & etc,2011).Summary or ConclusionFlorida DMS will benefit from the use of WMN added to their IP infrastructures. Every day technology is advancing with new ideas in relations with communications between people. DMS will continue to succeed in the future.ReferencesStallings, W. (2009). CIS 505 Business Data Communications routine edition (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Florida DMS http//www.dms.myflorida.comManivannan, M. M. (2012). Building around IP. Engineering & Technology (17509637), 7(2), 78-81. inside10.1049/et.2012.0211 Alexy, O., & Reitzig, M. (2012). Managing the business risks of open innovation. Mckinsey Quarterly, (1), 17-21. Sanni, M. L., Hashim, A. A., Anwar, F. F., Naji, A. W., & Ahmed, G. M. (2011). Mobile Multicast in Wireless Mesh Networks. Australian Journal Of Basic & use Sciences, 5(9), 957-966.

Esr Experiment

Electron Spin Resonance Tabish September 2003 Aim To particularize the Land? g- figure apply Electron Spin Resonance. e Apparatus erythrocyte sedimentation rate setup which includes Helmholtz coils, R. F. oscillator and the test sample, and in addition, a cathode ray oscilloscope ( orbit). Theory Background Suppose a particle having a charismatic moment is placed in a uniform magnetic ? years of intensity B, thusly the Hamiltonian freighter be written as ? H=g e ? J B, 2mc where g is the Land? g-factor, which is 1 for orbital angular momentum, and 2 for spin angular e e? h momentum.The factor 2mc , sometimes written as B , is called Bohr magneton, if the particle in question is an electron. If the particle is a nucleon, then the factor is called the nuclear magneton. If the angular momentum J results from a combination of an orbital angular momentum and a spin, then g would be minded(p) by the Land? formula e g =1+ j(j + 1) + s(s + 1) ? l(l + 1) , 2j(j + 1) where l, s and j represent the magnitude of the orbital, the spin and the total angular momenta, respectively. Remember that j corporation go from l ? s to l + s. Conventionally, the static magnetic ? geezerhood is assumed to be signifying on the z? xis, which modi? es the above equation to e ? ? Jz B. H=g 2mc Let us instantaneously consider an atom which has an electronic ground state with total angular momentum j = 1/2 and an excited state with j = 3/2 (see ? gure 2). There is still a genius passage flair which can be induced by the dousing of ray of light of oftenness ? 12 = (E2 ? E1 )/? . As the life force does non depend h on the angular momentum states, the ground state is in two ways degenerate corresponding to eigen assesss 1/2 ? of Jz and the excited state is quadruply degenerate corresponding to eigenvalues +3/2, 1/2, ? 1/2, ? 3/2 of ? Jz . 1Electronic excited state Electronic transition j=3/2 ESR Electronic ground state j=1/2 ESR Zeeman effect If 1 now applies a magnetic ? long time B along the z-axis, each of the angular momentum states acquires a di? erent energy. The ground state energy level thus splits into two sublevels and the excited state level into iv sublevels. This is called Zeeman splitting. Now instead of a single transition of frequency ? 12 = (E2 ? E1 )/? , many transitions of frequencies close to ? 12 h be possible. Experimentally this is seen as a splitting a single absorption or emission line into several closely spaced lines.This is called Zeeman e? ect. As virtuoso would substantiate noticed, transition should also be possible between the sublevels of the equivalent energy level. It is indeed possible and this phenomenon is known as electron spin resonance (ESR). Electron Spin Resonance Let us try to ascertain the phenomenon of ESR in somewhat more detail. As ESR invloves transitions only(prenominal) between the sublevels of unity energy level, we will not bother about the Hamiltonian of the atom/molecule which gives us th e energy levels. We will only worry about the part of the Hamiltonian which is the result of the applied magnetic ? ld B, which gives us the sublevels. For simplicity, we will consider virtuoso electron with angular momentum j, in a magnetic ? age B. In addition we have an electromagnetic ? geezerhood of frequency ? in the direction perpendicular to B. The time-dependent Hamiltonian can thus be written as ? H=g eB ? ? ? Jz + V0 ei? t + V0 e? i? t , 2mc ? where V0 represents the interaction of the electromagnetic ? eld with the electron. The electromagnetic ? eld is supposed to be very weak compared to the applied static ? eld B, and so one can use time-dependent perturbation theory to study this problem. The states ? hat we will use are the eigenstates of Jz ? Jz m = hmm , ? where m will take 2j + 1 values, from ? j to +j. The energy of these levels is wedded by g where n eB ? Jz n = 2mc n n , = geB? n h 2mc = gBB n. In time-dependent perturbation theory, we know that the time-d ependent interaction can cause transition between various m states. The transition rate per unit time, from i th level to jth level is give by 2? ? Wij = jV0 i 2 ? ( j ? i ? h? ), ? h ? presumptuous that j i . This expression says that transition from state i to j is possible when the frequency of radiation ? ( j ? i )/? . This is the condition for resonance, or in our case, h electron spin resonance. ? ? There is one important point about the form of V0 . It happens to be such that jV0 i is nonzero only when j = i 1. This means that transition is possible between, say, ? 3/2 and ? 1/2 , but not between, say, ? 3/2 and 1/2 . Such restrtictions, imposed by the kind of interaction and the record of states, are called selection rules. 2 The ESR setup Description of the ESR Spectrometer A hedge diagram of the ESR Spectrometer is given in the ? gure above. Basic lap The ? st stage of the ESR circuit consists of a critically adjusted radio frequency oscillator. This type of osci llator is required here, so that the slightest increase in its load decreases the amplitude of cps to an appreciable extent. The sample is kept inside the tank coil of the oscillator, which in turn, is placed in the 50 Hz magnetic ? eld generated by the Helmholtz coils. At resonance, i. e. when the frequency of oscillation becomes equal to frequency corresponding to the energy splitting of the sublevels, the oscillator amplitude registers a dip due to the absorption of power by the sample.This obviously, occurs periodically four times in each complete cycle of the deliver voltage of the magnetic ? eld. The result is an amplitude modulated carrier which is then detected using a diode detector and ampli? ed by a chain of three low noise, high enlighten audio-frequency ampli? ers to suit the input requirement of any oscilloscope. Highly stabilized and almost ripple free power tag on for the above circuit is obtained using an integrated circuit regulator. Phase shifter This can re taliate the undermined phase di? erence which may be introduced in the ampli? cation stages of the spectrometer and oscilloscope. 0 Hz sweep unit A 50 Hz current ? ows by means of Helmholtz coils which provides a low frequency magnetic ? eld to the sample. As the resonance is observed at a few gauss only, no static magnetic ? eld is applied. R. F. Oscillator It is a transistorised radio frequency oscillator suitable for the determination of resonance frequency. Frequency range 10 megacycle per second to 18 megacycle Accuracy Better than 0. 5 % The Sample The sample use in our ESR setup is diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). It is a widely used standard in ESR experiments. The structure of this organic molecule, shown in the ? gure, contains three benzene rings.Its important feature is that it contains a single unpaired electron, whose orbital angular momentum is 3 O2N N N NO2 O2N zero. So, the electron has only the spin angular momentum, and the material gives a g? factor which is c lose to 2. 0038. One thus has to deal with the simple situation where j = 1/2, and only two sublevels are involved. In conventional spectroscopy, absorption intensity is plotted against the frequency of radiation to pass away the absorption spectrum. In the present case, one should obtain a single abosorption geB invoice at frequency ? = ( j ? i )/? , which is nothing but ? = 2mc . However, in this setup it is h di? ult to vary the frequency of radiation. So, what is done is that the frequency of radiation is ? xed at some ? 0 , and the normally static, magnetic ? eld is sweep between the positive and negative extremes of a utmost ? eld value. This is done by supplying an alternating(a) current to the Helmholts coils which are supposed to generate the magnetic ? eld. During the AC cycle, 2mc whenever the strength of the magnetic ? eld (+ve or -ve) becomes equal to B0 = ? 0ge , there is a resonance condition, and radiation is absorbed. Origin of four peaks In this experiment, the CRO is used in the x-y mode.The signal from the AC source, which supplies current for the magnetic ? eld, is fed to the X plates of the CRO, and the absorption signal is B fed to the Y plates. The point on the extreme right on the CRO 2 4 3 1 screen represents the maximum positive value of the ? eld, and the point on the extreme left-hand(a) represents the maximum negative value ? B of the ? eld. The point at the center represents zero ? eld. Without Time the Y-plates, the point on the CRO screen goes from maximum negative value to zero, and the maximum positive value, and then rachis again to the mimimum value.As one can see from the ? gure, the ? eld strength becomes B0 four times in one single sweep cycle. 0 0 0 Now if the absorption signal is fed to the Y-plates, whenever the ? eld strength becomes B0 , the Y-axis will show a peak. So, one should see four peaks corresponding to points 1,2,3,4 in the ? gure. except one can see that on the X-axis of the CRO screen, points 2 an d 3 are the same, because they correspond to the same value of the ? eld B0 , and points 1 and 4 are the same because they correspond to the ? eld ? B0 . So, the four peaks should overlap such that only two are visible.However, the absorption signal passes through some electronic circuitry forward being fed to the Y-plates of the CRO, so it very di? cult to make sure that no phase alteration occurs in the process. If there is a small phase di? erence between the AC signal on the X plates and the signal on the Y plates, when points 3 and 4 are traced, the peaks do not overlap with those at 1 and 2. So, in practice one would see four peaks. If one has a way of ever-changing the phase of, say, the Y signal, one can adjust the phase manually so that the four peaks immingle into two. Getting the numbersWe have the control over the current that is passing through the Helmholtz coils, and this can also be measured. But what we actually need for our calculation is, the magnetic ? eld B applied to the sample. Let us ? rst calculate the magnetic ? eld through the Helmholtz coils. This can be done easily 4 using the Biot-Savart law. B = 0 4 5 3/2 I N , r where 0 = 4? ? 10? 1 (cgs units) N = number of turns in each coil. r = the radius of the Helmholtz coils in cm (which is equal to their separation when they are properly arranged). I = current passing through the coils.The value of B is obtained in gauss. As the current is measured by an AC ammeter, the value of the current, and thus the ? eld, is the r. m. s. value. The peak value of the ? eld will be given by v v 8 2 I N . Bmax = 2B = 0 v cxxv r Suppose the peak value of the ? eld (= Bmax ) corresponds to P divisions from the center on the x-axis of the CRO screen. Then if Q be the distance of the observed resonances from the center (in the units of divisions), the ? eld corresponding to the resonance will be given by B0 = Q But the resonance condition is given by B0 = h ? 0 ? , gB Bmax P hich can be used to set u p the value of g, once B0 is known. Now, for a ? xed ? 0 , B0 is ? xed, although one can vary the current I and place various position of the absorption peaks. Let us write the expression for B0 and see what is most accurate way to calculate it v N 0 8 2 v B0 = I Q. rP 125 The ESR spectrometer is such that P does not vary as one varies I. So, the vanquish way to evaluate the above expression will be to plot a graph between 1/I and Q, and ? nd out the slope, which will give the average value of I Q. The ? eld at the absorption peaks can be calulated as v N 0 8 2 v B0 = ? lope of graph between 1/I and Q. rP 125 Procedure Connections Connections are done as follows ESR spectrometer and power supply are connected with connecting cables. Connect the coaxial cable of the foundation coil to the oscillator through the socket mark input. 5 Connect the Helmoltz coils to the power supply terminal marked H coil. Connect the Out-put terminal marked X, Y, E on the ESR spectrometer to the X plate, Y plate input and ground of the oscilloscope respectively and switch on the oscilloscope. Connect the power supply with AC mains.Adjustments Adjust the current in the Helmholtz coils at 150 mA. The front panel controls of the ESR spectrometer are adjusted as follows frequency, detector and phase, all centered. Experimental procedure The X plate of the CRO is callibrated in terms of magentic ? eld as follows 1. X ampli? er of the CRO is adjusted to obtain the maximum X de? ection (e. g. P divisions. 2. Note the current ? owing in the Helmholtz coils. The magnetic ? eld can then be calculated from the formula for B given before. Number of turn in the coils N = viosterol and the radius r = 7. 7cm.The positions of the two peaks of the ESR signal at resonance is measured. Let this be Q divisions from the center. The best possible resonance peaks are obtained by varying the frequency in the range of 12 to 14 MHz and the Y sensitivity of the oscilloscope. The pahse knob is a djusted to coincide one pair of peaks with the other. The current through the coils is then varied, keeping the frequency ? xed, and the corresponding position of the peaks from the center noted. A graph between 1/I and Q is then plotted and can be used in calculating the g-factor, as exposit earlier.Repeat the above procedure for di? erent values of frequency. Observations and calculation S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I(mA) 150 175 200 225 250 275 I(A) 1/I Distance of peaks from center (Q) 10 MHz 13 MHz 15 MHz 17 MHz 2. 4 1. 9 1. 9 1. 9 2. 0 1. 6 1. 6 1. 5 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 2 1. 3 1. 2 1. 2 1. 1 1. 1 1. 1 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 0. 150 6. 667 0. 175 5. 714 0. 200 5. 00 0. 225 4. 44 0. 250 4. 00 0. 275 2. 636 Slope of the graph (= I Q) = 0. 282, P = 5, N = 500 r = 7. 7cm, 0 = 0. 1 ? 4? , B = 9. 2741 ? 10? 21 , h = 6. 626 ? 10? 27 . v N 0 8 2 v B0 = I Q rP 125 v 500 ? . 1 ? 4? 8 2 v ? 0. 282 = 7. 7 ? 5 125 = 4. 657 6 ?0 = 13 MHz 2 1. 8 1. 6 Q 1. 4 1. 2 1 0. 8 3. 5 4 4. 5 5 1/I 5. 5 6 6. 5 7 g = h? 0 B B 0 6. 626 ? 10? 27 ? 13 ? 106 = 9. 2741 ? 10? 21 4. 657 = 1. 9944 Precautions 1. The direction of the Helmholtz coils should be preferable adjusted so that the ? eld is perpendicular to earths magnetic ? eld, which is about 0. 3 Gauss. 2. Setup the experiment at a place free from electric and magnetic ? elds and mechanical disturbances. 3. Y-output from the ESR spectrometer should be through a good shielded cable. 7